Bibliography for Paper Topics

Some useful general reference works:
J.B. Bury and R. Meiggs, A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great, 3d ed. (London 1959).
Michael Crawford, ed., Sources For Ancient History (Cambridge 1985).
Michael Grant, Ancient History Atlas (New York 1972).
Peter Levi, Atlas of the Greek World (New York 1980).
D.B. Lewis, J. Boardman, J.K. Davies, M. Ostwald, edd., The Cambridge Ancient History, 2d ed., Volume V: The Fifth Century B.C. (Cambridge 1992).
Oxford Classical Dictionary, edd. S. Hornblower et al., 3rd ed. (Oxford 1996).
F.W. Walbank, A.E. Astin, M.W. Frederiksen, R.M. Ogilvie, edd., The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume VII.1: The Hellenistic World (Cambridge 1984).
Jean Susorny Wellington, Dictionary of Bibliographic Abbreviations Found in the Scholarship of Classical Studies and Related Disciplines (Westport, Conn. and London 1983).

1. The Afrocentrists and the Greeks
Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization I (New Brunswick 1987).
Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization II (New Brunswick 1991).
Martin Bernal, "The Image of Ancient Greece as a Tool for Colonialism and European Hegemony." In Social Construction of the Past: Representation as Power, G.C. Bond and A. Gilliam (eds.), (London and New York 1994) 119-28.
Martin Bernal, Review of Lefkowitz, Not Out of Africa, in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 96.4.5.
Jasper Griffen, "Anxieties of Influence," The New York Review of Books 43.8 (June 20, 1996) 67-73 at pp. 67-70.
George G.M. James, Stolen Legacy (New York 1954).
Edith Hall, "When Is A Myth Not A Myth? Bernal's 'Ancient Model' ," Arethusa 25 (1992) 181-201.
Mary Lefkowitz, ed., Black Athena Revisited (Chapel Hill 1996).
Mary Lefkowitz, Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History (New York 1996).
Reed College Black Athena Page.
Frank M. Snowden, Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in Greco-Roman Experience (Cambridge, Mass. 1970).
Frank M. Snowden, Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Blacks (Cambridge, Mass. and London 1983).

2. Minoan Crete, the Civilization of the Goddess and Feminist Politics
Hesiod, Works and Days, lines 42-106, in Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Shield, trans. A. Athanassakis (Baltimore 1983) 68-69.
Thucydides, Histories, 1.1-23, especially chapter 4.
W. Burkert, Greek Religion, trans. John Raffan (Cambridge, Mass. 1985) 10-46.
R. Drews, The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East (Princeton 1988).
M. Finley, Aspects of Antiquity: Discoveries and Controversies, 2d ed. (New York 1977) 16-30.
J.L. Fitton, The Discovery of the Greek Bronze Age (Cambridge, Mass. 1996) 149-65.
M. Gimbutas, The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe (New York 1991) vii-xi; 222-305.
M. Gimbutas, The Living Goddesses, M.R. Dexter (ed.) (California 1999).
L. Goodison and Chr. Morris (eds.), Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence (Madison 1999).
N.G.L. Hammond, A History of Greece to 322 B.C., 3d ed. (Oxford 1986) 24-35.
R.J. Hopper, The Early Greeks (New York 1976) 9-15.
R. Higgins, Minoan and Mycenaean Art (London 1967) 17-52.
W.A. McDonald, Progress Into The Past: The Rediscovery of Mycenaean Civilization (New York 1967) 111-169.
L. Meskell, "Goddesses, Gimbutas and "New Age" Archaeology", Antiquity 69 (1995) 74-86.
L.E. Roller, In Search of God the Mother (California 1999).

3. Mycenaean Greece and Homeric Epic
Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
Thucydides, Histories, 1.9-11.
R. Drews, The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 BC (Princeton 1993).
J. Fairweather, "Fiction in the Biographies of Ancient Writers," Ancient Society 5 (1974) 231-275.
J.V.A. Fine, The Ancient Greeks (Cambridge, Mass. 1983) 17-25.
M.I. Finley, "Marriage, Sale and Gift in the Homeric World," in Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (New York 1982) 233-245.
M.I. Finley, "Homer and Mycenae: Property and Tenure," in Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (New York 1982) 213-232.
M.I. Finley, "Mycenaean Palace Archives and Economic History," in Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (New York 1982) 199-212.
M.I. Finley, The World of Odysseus, 2 ed. (New York 1980).
J.L. Fitton, The Discovery of the Greek Bronze Age (Cambridge, Mass. 1996).
M. Foucault, "What Is An Author?," in Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Post-Structuralist Criticism, ed. J.V. Harari (Ithaca 1979) 141-160.
A. Harding, The Mycenaeans and Europe (London 1984).
S. Hood, "The Bronze Age Context of Homer," in The Ages of Homer: A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule, edd. J. Carter and S. Morris (Texas 1995) 25-32.
M. Lefkowitz, The Lives of the Greek Poets (Baltimore 1981) 12-24.
H.L. Lorimer, Homer and the Monuments (London 1950).
I. Malkin, The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London 1998).
W.A. McDonald and C.G. Thomas, Progress Into the Past: The Rediscovery of Mycenaean Civilization, 2nd ed. (Bloomington and Indianapolis 1990) 3-6.
A.M. Snodgrass, Early Greek Armour and Weapons, from the End of the Bronze Age to 600 BC (Edinburgh 1964).
A.M. Snodgrass, "An Historical Homeric Society?," Journal of Hellenic Studies 94 (1974) 114-125.

4. The Fall of Mycenaean Civilization and the Dorian Invasion
Herodotus, 1.56; 9.26.
Thucydides, 1.12.
Ph. Betancourt, "The End of the Greek Bronze Age," Antiquity 50 (1976) 40-7.
J. Chadwick, "Who Were the Dorians?," La Parola del Passato 31 (1976) 103-17.
R. Drews, The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 BC (Princeton 1993).
J.V.A. Fine, The Ancient Greeks (Cambridge, Mass. 1983) 12-17.
J.M. Hall, Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity (Cambridge 1997) 114-142.
N.G.L. Hammond, A History of Greece to 322 B.C., third ed. (Oxford 1986) 59-60, 72-82.
A. Harding, The Mycenaeans and Europe (London 1984).
R. Maddin, J.D. Muhly, and T.S. Wheeler, "How the Iron Age Began," Scientific American (Oct., 1977) 122-131.
N. Sandars, The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean 1250-1150 BC (London 1978).
A.M. Snodgrass, Early Greek Armour and Weapons: From the Bronze Age to 600 BC (Edinburgh 1964).
A.M. Snodgrass, The Dark Age of Greece: An Archaeological Survey of the Eleventh to the Eighth Centuries B.C. (Edinburgh 1971).
J. Tainter, The Collapse of Complex Societies (Cambridge 1988) 1-38; 193-216.
E. Vermeule, "The Fall of the Mycenaean Empire," Archaeology (1960) 66-75.
B. Weiss, "The Decline of Late Bronze Age Civilization as a Possible Response to Climatic Change," Climatic Change 4 (1982) 172-98.
H.E. Wright, "Climatic Change in Mycenaean Greece," Antiquity 42 (1968) 123-7.

5. Oral Tradition and Greek History
Herodotus, passim; Thucydides, 1.22.
J. Foley, The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology (Bloomington 1988).
M. Foucault, "What Is An Author?," in Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Post-Structuralist Criticism, ed. J.V. Harari (Ithaca 1979) 141-160.
J.M. Hall, Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity (Cambridge 1997).
W.V. Harris, Ancient Literacy (Cambridge, Mass. 1989).
E.A. Havelock, The Muse Learns to Write: Reflections on Orality and Literacy from Antiquity to the Present (New Haven and London 1986).
D. Henige, Oral Historiography (London, New York and Lagos 1982) 67, 107, 110-112.
R. Lamberton, Hesiod (New Haven 1988) 1-37.
I. Malkin, The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London 1998).
H.-J. Martin, The History and Power of Writing, translated by Lydia G. Cochrane (Chicago and London 1994).
A. Momigliano, "Historiography on Written Tradition and Historiography on Oral Tradition", in Studies in Historiography (London 1966) 211-220.
A. Momigliano, "The Place of Herodotus in the History of Historiography", in Studies in Historiography (London 1966) 127-142.
B.A. Stolz and R.S. Shannon (eds.), Oral Literature and the Formula (Ann Arbor 1976).
R. Thomas, Oral Tradition and Written Record in Classical Athens (Cambridge 1986).

6. The Greek Tyrants
Plato, Republic, Books I and VIII.
A. Andrewes, The Greek Tyrants (London 1956) 31-42.
M. Dillon and L. Garland, Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Socrates (London and New York 1994) 1-58, 89-120.
R. Drews, "The First Tyrants in Greece," Historia 21 (1972) 129-144.
V.D. Hanson, Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience(London and New York 1991).
J.F. McGlew, Tyranny and Political Culture in Ancient Greece (Ithaca 1993).
J. Salmon, "Political Hoplites?," Journal of Hellenic Studies 97 (1977) 84-101.
J.B. Salmon, Wealthy Corinth: A History of the City to 338 B.C. (Oxford 1984).
L.J. Sanders, Dionysus I of Syracuse and Greek Tyranny (New York 1987).
A. Snodgrass, Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1980).
A.M. Snodgrass, Arms and Armour of the Greeks (Ithaca 1967).
A.M. Snodgrass, "The Hoplite Reform and History," Journal of Hellenic Studies 85 (1965) 110-122.
D.T. Steiner, The Tyrant's Writ: Myths and Images of Writing in Ancient Greece (Princeton 1994).
L. Strauss, On Tyranny (New York 1963).

7. The Greek State at War: the Hoplite Revolution
A. Andrewes, The Greek Tyrants (London 1956) 31-42.
P. Cartledge, "Hoplites and Heroes: Sparta's Contribution to the Technique of Ancient Warfare" Journal of Hellenic Studies 97 (1977) 11-27.
W. R. Connor, "Early Greek Land Warfare as Symbolic Expression," Past and Present 119 (May 1988) 3-29.
V.D. Hanson, Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience (London and New York 1991).
V.D. Hanson, The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece (New York 1989).
V.D. Hanson, Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece (California 1998).
G. Parker (ed.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare (Cambridge 1995).
J. Salmon, "Political Hoplites?" Journal of Hellenic Studies 97 (1977) 84-101.
A.M. Snodgrass, Arms and Armour of the Greeks (Ithaca 1967).
A.M. Snodgrass, "The Hoplite Reform and History," Journal of Hellenic Studies 85 (1965) 110-122.
D.W. Tandy, Warriors Into Traders: The Power of the Market in Early Greece (California 1997).
A. Toynbee, Some Problems of Greek History (Oxford 1969) 250-259.
H. van Wees, "The Homeric Way of War: the Iliad and the Hoplite Phalanx," Greece and Rome 41 (1994) 1-18 and 132-155.
L.J. Worley, Hippeis: The Cavalry of Ancient Greece (Boulder 1994).

8. Classical Sparta: Image and Reality
Xenophon, Constitution of the Lacedaemonians, available in Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans. with commentary by J.M. Moore (Berkeley 1975).
Xenophon, Agesilaos.
Plutarch, Lycurgus.
P. Cartledge, Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta (Baltimore 1987).
P. Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia: A Regional History, 1300-362 B.C. (London and Boston 1979).
D. Ephraim, Sparta Between Empire and Revolution (404-243 B.C.): Internal Problems and Their Impact on Contemporary Greek Consciousness (Salem, N.H. 1986).
L.F. Fitzhardinge, The Spartans (London 1980).
W.G. Forrest, A History of Sparta, 950-192 B.C. (New York and London 1968).
C.D. Hamilton, Agesilaus and the Failure of the Spartan Hegemony (Ithaca 1991).
C.D. Hamilton, Sparta's Bitter Victories: Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War (Ithaca 1979).
J.T. Hooker, The Ancient Spartans (London 1980).
N.M. Kennell, The Gymnasium of Virtue: Education and Culture in Ancient Sparta (Chapel Hill and London 1995).
F. Ollier, Le mirage spartiate, 2 vols., in French (Paris 1933-1943).
A. Powell, Athens and Sparta: Constructing Greek Political and Social History from 478 B.C. (London and Portland, Oregon 1988).
E. Rawson, The Spartan Tradition in European Thought (Oxford 1969).
E.N. Tigerstedt, The Legend of Sparta in Classical Antiquity, 3 vols. (Stockholm 1965, 1974, 1978).

9. The Persian Wars and the Athenian Naval Empire
Aeschylus, Persians.
Plutarch, Cimon, Themistocles, Aristides.
R.C. Anderson, Oared Fighting Ships (London 1962).
A. R. Burn, Persia and the Greeks: the Defense of the West, circa 546-478 B.C. (London 1962).
H. Bengtson, A History of Greece from the Beginnings to the Byzantine Era, fourth ed., trans. E. F. Bloedow (Ottawa 1988) 89-109.
L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World (Princeton 1970).
L. Casson, The Ancient Mariners, 2nd ed. (Princeton 1991).
J. M. Cook, The Persian Empire (New York 1983).
J. K. Davies, Democracy and Classical Greece (Cambridge, Mass. 1993) 9-36, 51-86.
P. Green, The Greco-Persian Wars (California 1998).
J.R. Hale, "The Lost Technology of Ancient Greek Rowing," Scientific American (May 1996) 82-85.
C. Hignett, Xerxes' Invasion of Greece (Oxford 1963).
J.A.O. Larsen, Greek Federal States: Their Institutions and History (Oxford, 1968) 104-21 (Thessalian/Boeotian perspectives).
M.F. McGregor, The Athenians and Their Empire (Vancouver 1987) 8-49.
R. Meiggs, The Athenian Empire (Oxford 1972).
F. Meijer, A History of Sea-Faring in the Classical World (London and Sydney 1986).
A. Momigliano, "Sea Power in Greek Thought," Classical Review 58 (1944) 1-7.
J.S. Morrison and R.T. Williams, Greek Oared Ships, 900-322 B.C.(Cambridge 1968).
J.S. Morrison and J.F. Coates, The Athenian Trireme (Cambridge 1986).
P. J. Rhodes, The Athenian Empire (Oxford 1985) 5-29, 36-45.
J. Rouge, Ships and Fleets of the Ancient Mediterranean, trans. S. Frazer (Middletown, Conn. 1981).

10. Herodotus on Greeks and Barbarians
P. Cartledge, The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others (Oxford 1993) 36-62.
C. Champion, "Herodotus, Ethnicity, and the Construction of the Barbarian," Lecture presented in the Allegheny College Humanities Lecture Series, 12 February 1996. Xerox at Pelletier reserve desk.
S. Flory, The Archaic Smile of Herodotus (Detroit 1987).
C. Fornara, Herodotus: An Interpretative Essay (Oxford 1971).
C. Fornara, The Nature of History in Ancient Greece and Rome (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1983).
P. Georges, Barbarian Asia and the Greek Experience (Baltimore and London 1994) 115-206.
J. Gould, Herodotus (New York 1989).
E. Hall, Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy (Oxford 1989).
J. Hall, Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity (Cambridge 1997).
F. Hartog, The Mirror of Herodotus: The Representation of the Other in the Writing of History, trans. J. Lloyd (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1988).
D. Lateiner, The Historical Method of Herodotus (Toronto 1989).
I. Malkin, The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity (California 1998).
A. Momigliano, "The Place of Herodotus in the History of Historiography," in Studies in Historiography (London 1966) 127-142

11. Athenian Imperialism and the Peloponnesian War
A. R. Burn, Pericles and Athens (New York 1949).
J. K. Davies, Democracy and Classical Greece, 2d ed. (Cambridge, Mass. 1993) 64-86.
M.I. Finley, "The Athenian Empire: A Balance Sheet," in Economy and Society in Ancient Greece, edd. B.D. Shaw and R.P. Saller (New York 1982) 41-61.
C. Fornara and L. Samons, Athens From Cleisthenes to Pericles (Berkeley 1991).
V.D. Hanson, Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience (London and New York 1991).
V.D. Hanson, The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece (New York 1989).
V.D. Hanson, Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece (California 1998).
A.H.M. Jones, "The Athenian Empire and Its Critics," Cambridge Historical Journal 11.1 (1953) 1-26.
L. Kallet-Marx, Money, Expense, and Naval Power in Thucydides' History 1-5.24 (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1993).
R. Meiggs, The Athenian Empire (Oxford 1972) 205-272.
A. Momigliano, "Sea Power in Greek Thought," Classical Review 58 (1944) 1-7.
K.A. Raaflaub, "Democracy, Power, and Imperialism in Fifth-Century Athens", in Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy, edd. J. Peter Euben, John R. Wallach and Josiah Ober (Ithaca and London 1994) 103-146.
P. J. Rhodes, The Athenian Empire (Oxford 1985) 5-29, 36-45.
C. Starr, "Athens and Its Empire", Classical Journal 83 (1987) 114-123.

12. Thucydides as Historian
J.W. Allison, Power and Preparedness in Thucydides (Baltimore 1989).
M. Cogan, The Human Thing: The Speeches and Principles of Thucydides' History (Chicago and London 1981) 173-257.
W. Robert Connor, Thucydides (Princeton 1984).
F.M. Cornford, Thucydides Mythistoricus (London reissued 1965).
L. Edmunds, Chance and Intelligence in Thucydides (Cambridge, Mass. 1975).
J.H. Finley, Three Essays on Thucydides (Cambridge, Mass. 1967).
C. Fornara, The Nature of History in Ancient Greece and Rome (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1983).
S. Hornblower, "Narratology and Narrative Techniques in Thucydides", in Greek Historiography, ed. S. Hornblower (Oxford 1994) 131-166.
S. Hornblower, Thucydides (Baltimore 1987).
V. Hunter, Past and Process in Herodotus and Thucydides (Princeton 1982) 17-49.
H.R. Rawlings III, The Structure of Thucydides' History (Princeton 1981).
J. De Romilly, Thucydides and Athenian Imperialism (New York 1963).
A.J. Woodman, Rhetoric and Classical Historiography (Portland 1988) 1-69.

13. Athenian Democracy and Greek Political Thought
Aristotle, The Constitution of the Athenians.
Plato, Protagoras.
Pseudo-Xenophon, The Constitution of the Athenians ("The Old Oligarch").
W.R. Connor, The New Politicians of Fifth-Century Athens (Princeton 1971).
J. K. Davies, Democracy and Classical Greece, 2d ed. (Cambridge, Mass. 1993).
J. Dunn, ed., Democracy: The Unfinished Journey, 508 B.C. to A.D. 1993 (Oxford 1992).
J. P. Euben, J. R. Wallach, J. Ober (eds.), Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy (Ithaca and London 1994).
C. Hignett, A History of the Athenian Constitution to the End of the Fifth Century B.C. (Oxford 1952).
J.A. Koumoulides, ed., The Good Idea: Democracy and Ancient Greece (New Rochelle 1995).
Chr. Meier, The Greek Discovery of Politics, trans. D. McLintock (Cambridge, Mass. and London 1990).
J. Ober, Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology and the Power of the People (Princeton 1989).
J. Ober, The Athenian Revolution: Essays on Ancient Greek Democracy and Political Theory (Princeton 1996).
J. Ober and Ch. Hedrick (eds.), Demokratia: A Conversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern (Princeton 1996).
J. Ober, Political Dissent in Democratic Athens: Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule (Princeton 1998).
J. L. O'Neill, The Origins and Development of Ancient Greek Democracy (Lanham, Md. 1995).
M. Ostwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of the Athenian Democracy (Oxford 1969).
K.A. Raaflaub, "Contemporary Perceptions of Democracy in Fifth-Century Athens", in Aspects of Athenian Democracy, edd W.R. Connor et al. [Classica et Medievalia Dissertationes XI] (Copenhagen 1990) 33-70.
P.A. Rahe, "The Primacy of Politics in Classical Greece," American Historical Review 89.2 (April 1984) 265-93.
Chr. Rocco, Tragedy and Enlightenment: Athenian Political Thought and the Dilemmas of Modernity (California 1997).

14. The Peloponnesian War
Aristophanes, Acharnians.
Thucydides, Histories, passim.
G.E.M. de Ste. Croix, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (Ithaca 1972).
J.K. Davies, Democracy and Classical Greece, 2d ed. (Cambridge, Mass. 1993)117-133.
R. Meiggs, The Athenian Empire (Oxford 1972) 306-374.
D. Kagan, The Archidamian War (Ithaca 1987).
D. Kagan, The Fall of the Athenian Empire (Ithaca 1987).
D. Kagan, The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War (Ithaca 1981).
D. Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (Ithaca 1981).
B. Strauss, Athens After the Peloponnesian War: Class, Faction, and Policy (Ithaca 1987).

15. Sexual Politics in Classical Athens
Arkins, B. "Sexuality in Fifth-Century Athens," Classics Ireland (1994).
Diotima: Materials for the Study of Women and Gender in the Ancient World (web site).
Aristophanes, Congresswomen, Lysistrata.
Plato, Symposium.
J. Black, "Taking the Sex Out of Sexuality: Foucault's Failed History," in Rethinking Sexuality: Foucault and Classical Antiquity, D.H.J. Larmour, P.A. Miller, and C. Platter (eds.), (Princeton 1998) 42-60.
S.G. Cole, "Greek Sanctions Against Sexual Assault", Classical Philology 79 (1984) 97-113.
P. DuBois, "The Subject in Antiquity after Foucault," in Rethinking Sexuality: Foucault and Classical Antiquity, D.H.J. Larmour, P.A. Miller, and C. Platter (eds.), (Princeton 1998) 85-103.
E. Fantham, H. Foley, et al. (eds.), Women in the Classical World (Oxford 1994) 68-127.
M. Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, vol. 1, trans. R. Hurley (New York 1990).
J. Gould, "Law, Custom and Myth: Aspects of the Social Position of Women in Classical Athens", Journal of Hellenic Studies 100 (1980) 38-59.
D.M. Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality and Other Essays on Greek Love (New York and London 1990).
R. Just, Women in Athenian Law and Life (London 1989).
Karras, R.M., "Active/Passive, Acts/Passions: Greek and Roman Sexualities," American Historical Review 105.4 (1996).
M.A. Katz, "Did the Women of Ancient Athens Attend the Theater in the Eighteenth Century?," Classical Philology 93 (1998) 105-24.
E.C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens (New York 1985).
N. Rabinowitz, "Tragedy and the Politics of Containment", in Pornography and Representation in Greece and Rome, ed. A. Richlin (Oxford 1992) 36-52.
R.F. Sutton, Jr., "Pornography and Persuasion on Attic Pottery", in Pornography and Representation in Greece and Rome, ed. A. Richlin (Oxford 1992) 3-35.
J. Thorp, "The Social Construction of Sexuality," Phoenix 46.1 (1992) 54-65.
J.J. Winkler, "Laying Down the Law: The Oversight of Men's Sexual Behavior in Classical Athens", in Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World, edd. D. Halperin, J. Winkler, F. Zeitlin (Princeton 1990).
J.J. Winkler, The Constraints of Desire: the Anthropology of Sex and Gender in Ancient Greece (New York 1990).

16. The Sophistic Movement
Aristophanes, Clouds.
Plato, Gorgias, Republic, Book One, Sophist.
R.C. Cross and A.D. Woozley, Plato's Republic: A Philosophical Commentary (New York 1964).
J. DeRomilly, The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens, trans. J. Lloyd (Oxford 1992).
M. Detienne, Cunning Intelligence in Greek Culture and Society, trans. J. Lloyd (Atlantic Highlands 1978).
W.K.C. Guthrie, The Sophists (Cambridge 1971).
E. Havelock, Preface to Plato (Cambridge, Mass. 1963).
G. B. Kerferd, The Sophistic Movement (Cambridge 1981).
J.V. Luce, An Introduction to Greek Philosophy (New York 1992).
H. D. Rankin, Sophists, Socratics and Cynics (Totowa 1983).
F. Solmsen, Intellectual Experiments of the Greek Enlightenment (Princeton 1975).
P. Stern, Socratic Rationalism and Political Philosophy (New York 1993).
P.A. Vander Waerdt (ed.), The Socratic Movement (Ithaca 1994).
G. Vlastos, Socratic Studies (Cambridge 1994).

17. Slavery in Ancient Greece
Aristotle, Politics, Book One.
M.M. Austin and P. Vidal-Naquet, Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece: An Introduction (Berkeley 1977).
C. Champion, "Moses Finley," The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (ABC-CLIO, 1997) vol. I, 268-9.
C. Champion, "The Law Code of Gortyn," The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery (ABC-CLIO, 1997) vol. I, 310.
G.E.M. de Ste Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: From the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests (Ithaca 1981).
M. Dillon and L. Garland, Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Socrates (London and New York 1994) 317-344.
M.I. Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (New York 1980).
M.I. Finley, Economy and Society in Ancient Greece, edd. B.D. Shaw and R.P. Saller (New York 1981).
Y. Garlan, Slavery in Ancient Greece, trans. J. Lloyd (Ithaca 1988).
P. Hunt, Slaves, Warfare, and Ideology in the Greek Historians(Cambridge 1998).
O. Patterson, Freedom in the Making of Western Culture (New York 1991).
W.L. Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity (Philadelphia 1955).
E.M. Wood, "Agricultural Slavery in Classical Athens", American Journal of Ancient History 8 (1983) 1-47.
E.M. Wood, Peasant-Citizen and Slave: The Foundations of Athenian Democracy (London 1988).

18. Women and Families in Ancient Greece
Diotima: Materials for the Study of Women and Gender in the Ancient World (web site).
M.B. Arthur, "Origins of the Western Attitude towards Women," Arethusa 6 (1973) 7-58.
S. Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece (Cambridge, Mass. 1995).
E. Cantarella, Pandora's Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity, trans. E. Fant (Baltimore 1987).
G. Clark, Women in the Ancient World (Oxford 1989).
N.D. Demand, Birth, Death and Motherhood in Classical Greece (Baltimore 1994).
M. Dillon and L. Garland, Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Socrates (London and New York 1994) 373-412.
M.B. Fant and M.R. Lefkowitz, Women's Life in Greece and Rome, 2d ed. (Baltimore 1992).
E. Fantham, H. Foley, et al., Women in the Classical World (Oxford 1994).
H.P. Foley, ed., Reflections of Women in Antiquity (New York 1981).
J. Gould, "Law, Custom and Myth: Aspects of the Social Position of Women in Classical Athens", Journal of Hellenic Studies 100 (1980) 38-59.
S.C. Humphreys, The Family, Women and Death: Comparative Studies (London 1983).
R. Just, Women in Athenian Law and Life (London 1989).
E.C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens (New York 1985).
W.K. Lacey, The Family in Classical Greece (London 1968).
L.H. Petersen, "Divided Consciousness and Female Companionship: Reconstructing Female Subjectivity on Greek Vases," Arethusa 30.1 (1997) 35-74.
S.B. Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves (New York 1975).
S.B. Pomeroy, ed., Women's History and Ancient History (Chapel Hill 1991).
A. Richlin, "Foucault's History of Sexuality: A Useful Theory for Women?," in Rethinking Sexuality: Foucault and Classical Antiquity, D.H.J. Larmour, P.A. Miller, and C. Platter (eds.), (Princeton 1998) 138-70.
D.M. Schaps, "What Was Free about a Free Athenian Woman?," Transactions of the American Philological Association 128 (1998) 161-88.

19. Philip II and the Rise of Macedonia
Aristotle, Politics, 5.1311 a 25-1311 b 3.
Demosthenes, Philippics I-IV.
Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library, Book 16 (esp. chapters 91-95).
Isocrates, Panegyricus; Philippus.
Plutarch, Alexander 9; Moralia 327 c.
Polybius, Histories, 8.9.1-8.11.2.
F.E. Adcock, The Greek and Macedonian Art of War (California 1974).
M. Andronikos, Vergina, The Royal Tombs and the Ancient City (Athens 1984, repr.1992).
E. Badian, "The Death of Philip II", Phoenix 17 (1963) 244-250.
E.N. Borza, In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon (Princeton 1990).
E.N. Borza, Makedonika, ed. C. Thomas (Claremont, Calif. 1995) 135-148.
A.B. Bosworth, "Philip II and Upper Macedonia", Classical Quarterly n.s. 21 (1971) 93-105.
E. Carney, "The Politics of Polygamy: Olympias, Alexander and the Murder of Philip", Historia 41 (1992) 167-189.
E. Carney, "The Royal Tombs at Vergina: Evolution and Identities", Annual of the British School at Athens 86 (1991) 69-82.
E. Carney, "Tomb I at Vergina and the Meaning of the Great Tumulus as an Historical Monument", Archaeological News 17 (1992) 1-10.
G.L. Cawkwell, Philip of Macedon (London and Boston 1978).
J.R. Ellis, Philip II and Macedonian Imperialism (London 1986).
R. Ginouvès, ed., Macedonia from Philip II to the Roman Conquest (Princeton 1994).
N.G.L. Hammond et al., A History of Macedonia I-III (Oxford 1972-1988).
N.G.L. Hammond, Philip of Macedon (London 1994).
R. Sealey, Demosthenes and His Time: A Study in Defeat (Oxford 1993).

20. Alexander the Great and Universal Empire
Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander and Indica.
Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library, Book 17.
Plutarch, Alexander.
Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander.
F.E. Adcock, The Greek and Macedonian Art of War (California 1974).
E. Badian, "Alexander the Great and the Unity of Mankind," Historia 7 (1958) 425-44.
E. Badian, "Harpalus," Journal of Hellenic Studies 81 (1961) 16-43.
E. Badian, "Orientals in Alexander's Army," Journal of Hellenic Studies 85 (1965) 160-1.
E. Badian, "Macedonians and Greeks," in Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times, W.L. Adams and E.N. Borza (eds.), (Washington, D.C. 1982) 33-51.
R. Billows, Kings and Colonists: Aspects of Macedonian Imperialism (Leiden and New York 1995).
A.B. Bosworth, "Alexander and the Decline of Macedonia", Journal of Hellenic Studies 106 (1986) 1-12.
A.B. Bosworth, Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great (Cambridge 1988).
A.B. Bosworth, "The Death of Alexander the Great: Rumour and Propaganda", Classical Quarterly 21 (1971) 112-136.
D.W. Engels, Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army (Berkeley 1978).
R. Lane Fox, Alexander the Great: A Biography (London 1973).
E.A. Fredricksmeyer, "The Origin of Alexander's Royal Insignia," Transactions of the American Philological Association 127 (1997) 97-109.
P. Green, Alexander the Great, 356-323 B.C.: A Historical Biography (Berkeley 1991).
J.R. Hamilton, Alexander the Great (Pittsburgh 1973).
N.G.L. Hammond, Alexander the Great: King, Commander and Statesman, 3d. ed. (London 1989).
N.G.L. Hammond, Sources for Alexander the Great (Cambridge1993).
J.M. O'Brien, Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy (London and New York 1992).
J. Roisman, Alexander the Great: Ancient and Modern Perspectives (Lexington, Mass. 1995).
A. Stewart, Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics (California 1993).
W.W. Tarn, Alexander the Great, repr. (London 1979).
U. Wilcken, Alexander the Great, trans. G.C. Richards (New York 1967).

21. Ancient Greece and Contemporary Education
M. Finley (ed.), The Legacy of Greece: A New Appraisal (Oxford 1981).
V.D. Hanson and J. Heath, Who Killed Homer? The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom (New York 1998).
P. Green, "Homer Lives!," review of V.D. Hanson and J. Heath, Who Killed Homer? The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom (New York 1998).
David Gergen interviews V.D. Hanson and J. Heath, September 28, 1998.
C.R. Beye, review of Who Killed Homer?, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 98.5.12.
J. Connolly, review of Who Killed Homer?, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 98.5.13.
L. Meskell, "Goddesses, Gimbutas and "New Age" Archaeology", Antiquity 69 (1995) 74-86.
Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization I (New Brunswick 1987).
Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization II (New Brunswick 1991).
Martin Bernal, "The Image of Ancient Greece as a Tool for Colonialism and European Hegemony." In Social Construction of the Past: Representation as Power, G.C. Bond and A. Gilliam (eds.), (London and New York 1994) 119-28.
Martin Bernal, Review of Lefkowitz, Not Out of Africa, in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 96.4.5.
J. Berlinerblau, Heresy in the University: The Black Athena Controversy and the Responsibilities of American Intellectuals (New Brunswick 1999).
Jasper Griffen, "Anxieties of Influence," The New York Review of Books 43.8 (June 20, 1996) 67-73 at pp. 67-70.
George G.M. James, Stolen Legacy (New York 1954).
Edith Hall, "When Is A Myth Not A Myth? Bernal's 'Ancient Model' ," Arethusa 25 (1992) 181-201.
Mary Lefkowitz, ed., Black Athena Revisited (Chapel Hill 1996).
Mary Lefkowitz, Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History (New York 1996).
J.H. Carruthers, Intellectual Warfare (Chicago 1999).