Humanism, from Latin humanitas. Classical culture/education. Cf. "Humanities" and "Liberal Arts."

Chronology:

c.1320: Dante writes Divine Comedy.

1304-1374: Petrarch.

1313-1375: Boccaccio.

1347-1348: The Black Death.

1347-1354: Rebellion of Cola di Rienzo in Rome.

c.1407-1457: Lorenzo Valla.

1440: Valla’s treatise On the False Donation of Constantine.

1469-1529: Machiavelli.

1466-1536: Desiderius Erasmus.

1509: Writes In Praise of Folly.