HANDOUT FOR MARCH 19: THE CRUSADES
Chronology:
1071: Battle of Manzikert: Turkish victory threatens Byzantine empire.
1095: Pope Urban II preaches Crusade at Clermont.
1096: Massacres of Jews in Rhineland.
1099: Crusaders take Jerusalem, massacre non-Christians.
1128: Knights of the Temple (Templars) founded as military religious order.
Bernard of Clairvaux writes a Rule for them.
1147: After Muslims take Edessa from Crusaders, Bernard of Clairvaux calls for a Second Crusade, which is unsuccessful.
1187: Jerusalem falls to Saladin. This leads to Third Crusade, also unsuccessful.
1204: Pope Innocent III calls for Fourth Crusade, aimed at recovering Jerusalem. Instead, the Crusaders sack Constantinople.
1215: Fourth Lateran Council.
1227: Emperor Frederick II recovers Jerusalem for Christians, by treaty with the Sultan of Egypt.
1240: Jerusalem falls to Muslims again.
1249: King Louis IX of France ("Saint Louis") leads an unsuccessful Crusade against Egypt.
1291: Acre, last Crusader outpost, falls to Muslims.
1307: King Philip IV of France suppresses the Order of the Templars, on trumped-up charges of sorcery and immorality.