HANDOUT FOR MARCH 21: JEWS, HERETICS, INQUISITION
Terms:
Transubstantiation: church doctrine that the bread and wine in the Eucharist are literally transformed into the Body and Blood of Christ.
Mendicants (literally "beggars"): religious orders that follow "apostolic poverty" and preach in the community rather than withdrawing into monasteries. Franciscans, Dominicans.
Heresies:
Cathars ("the pure"). Late 12th and 13th centuries, mainly in Southern France. They are dualists, believing that the world is divided between Good and Evil powers.
Waldensians, after founder Peter Waldo. Preached poverty, vernacular translation of scripture, rejected authority of church. The Waldensian Church still exists today.
Chronology:
1170: Peter Waldo, merchant of Lyons, sells property and begins preaching apostolic poverty.
1181: Waldo declared a heretic after he defies pope’s order to stop preaching.
1184: Pope Lucius III orders bishops to "inquire" about heretics in their dioceses.
1199: Pope Innocent III orders that heretics’ property be confiscated and that they be treated as having committed "treason against God."
1209: Innocent III proclaims Albigensian Crusade against Cathars in southern France.
1215: Dominic de Guzman founds Dominican order. Its purpose: to win heretics back to the truth by preaching and argument.
1233: Pope Gregory IX begins using Dominicans and Franciscans as Inquisitors. They bypass local authorities and answer directly to the pope.
1252: Pope Innocent IV authorizes use of judicial torture by inquisitors.
1307-1323: Bernard Gui conducts inquisition in Toulouse, writes Inquisitor’s Manual.
1320: Bishop Jacques Fournier conducts inquisition in village of Montaillou, France.