AAS 731; PSC 700 Sec 004;
Office: Sims Hall, : 211
Tuesday 4-7 pm, HGL 001
Instructor: Professor Horace Campbell Phone, 443-9353
The thrust of this Seminar will be to analyze the issues of militarism in the political process in Southern Africa in the last thirty -five years. There will be an attempt to grasp the links between the warrior traditions of Africa and the impact of expansionism that led to the militarization of the states and society. Questions of patriarchy, masculinity and the role of force in capitalist production in Southern Africa will form the background to studying the destabilization that was unleashed by apartheid. This background will provide the foundation for grasping militarism, destabilization and conventional warfare in the region. A major focus of this course will be to examine the relationship between the forms of modern militarism and the European ideation system. How did the traditions of genocide in Africa inform Modernity and the Holocaust? What are the current manifestations of these ideas as they relate to militarism and the search for a new mode of economic organization in Africa?
In so far as the liberation movements assigned themselves the task of ending the colonial relations, there will be an attempt to study how the liberation project differed from the modernization theories of social development. What were the conditions that allowed for the kind of ideological flexibility that moved these societies from questions of social needs to market driven economic policies? How did warfare become a business in the whole region? How did Southern Africa come out of the changed international relations of the cold war? The experiences of warfare, genocide and the current struggles against biological and information warfare will form the main thrust of the understanding of the social forces seeking a new mode of economic organization.
The seminar is designed to grasp how changes at the level of ideas affected both the form and content of the organizations committed to ending militarism and unequal economic relations. In this sense the programs of the social forces seeking to transform the region will come in for special scrutiny. The wars in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo will be considered in the context of the Constitutive Act of the African Union The last section will seek to understand the requirements of peace, reconstruction and transformation in the whole region.
Course Requirements:
Three
Book Reviews
: Write a critical review of Z. Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust,
Adam Hochschild, Kings Leopold’s Ghost
and Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers, Princeton
University Press, 2001 with Phillip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You that
Tomorrow we will be killed along with our children,
Reflection Paper: 5 - 7 page reflection on the relationship between Militarism, peace and reconciliation in South Africa.
Major Research Paper 30
Evaluation. The grade for the course will be based on class presentations and response to readings (20%,) three book reviews (15%), Response to Readings (15%) one short reflection paper (10%), participation (10%) and one major research paper (30%)
REQUIRED
TEXTS:
Z.
Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust, Cornell University Press,
2000
Adam
Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost a story of greed, terror, and heroism
in colonial Africa, Houghton Mifflin, Boston , 1998
Horace
Campbell, The Exhaustion of the Patriarchal Model of Liberation: Lessons
from Zimbabwe, David Phillip, Cape Town, 2002
Eboe
Hutchful and Abdoulaye Bathily, eds.,
The Military and Militarism in Africa, Codesria Books, 1998
Highly
Recommended Texts
Mahmood
Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers, Princeton University Press,
Princeton, 2001
Phillip
Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow we will be killed along
with our children,
Horace
Campbell, US Security Doctrine and the Africa Crisis Response Initiative,
Africa Institute of South Africa 2001
Michael
Maren, The Road to Hell, The Free Press, 1998
Vandana
Shiva, Biopiracy, South
End Press 1999
All
other books are on reserve in Bird Library.
“Southern
Africa,” in The Cambridge History of Africa,
Vol 8, edited by Michael Crowder, Cambridge University Press,
Sara
Delamont, “Ghettos and celibacy
or, the lion, the witch and the wardrobe, in A
Woman’s Place in Education, Avebury, 1996
“Emplacing
Current Trends in Feminist Historical Geography,” by Morin, Karen.M and Berg,
Lawrence, D, in Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography,
December 1999, Vol. 6, Issue, No. 4, p 311
Guy
Arnold and Ruth Weiss, Strategic
Highways in Africa, Martin's Press, New York, 1977
Joseph
Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbours : Apartheid Power in Southern Africa,
Indiana
University Press, 1987
Gillian
Rose, Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge,
Polity Press, Cambridge, 1993
Week
2, January
22: Theoretical
Questions on Militarism
Robin
Luckham, The Military, Militarisation and Democratisation in Africa: A Survey of
Literature and Issues,” in The Military and Militarism in Africa,
edited by Eboe Hutchful and Abdoulaye Bathily, Codesria Books, 1998
Mary
Kaldor, “Warfare and Capitalism,” in Exterminism
and Cold War, edited by E.P. Thompson, Verso Books, London 1982
Patricia
McFadden, “Women, War and Militarism,”
SAPEM, March 1991
J.
Ann Tickner, “Feminist Perspectives on Peace and World Security in the Post
Cold War Era, in Michael Klare, Peace
and World Order Studies: A Curriculum Guide, Boulder, Westview Press
1993, Chapters 1, 2 , 3 and 4
J.
Cock and Laurie Nathan, Society
at War: the Militarization of South African Society, St. Martins Press,
1990
Sun
Tzu, The Art of War,
Ian
Roxborough, “Clausewitz, and the Sociology of War, British Journal of
Sociology, Vol, 1, No. 45. December 1994
Week
3, January
29: Militarism
and Masculinity: Dodaism in Southern Africa
Horace
Campbell, “Militarism, Masculinity and the War of Ideas,” mimeo
Ali
Mazrui, “Warrior Traditions in Africa,” in The
Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa,
edited by Ali Mazrui, E. J. Brill, 1977
see especially Section II: The Warrior and Violence
Jacklyn Cock, “Gun, Violence and Masculinity
in Contemporary South Africa,” in Changing Men, edited by Robert
Morell, Zed Press, London, 2001
“Men amongst Men: Masculinity and Zulu
Nationalism in the 1980’s,” Thembisa Waetjen and Gerhard Mare, in Changing
Men, edited by Robert Morell, Zed Press, 2001-12-28
War
and Gender: How Gender shapes the war system and Vice versa,
by Joshua Goldstein, Cambridge University Press 2001
Robert Kaplan, Warrior
Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos, Random
House, New York, 2001
Martin
Kitchen, Fascism, McMillan, London 1976
Karl
Liebknecht, Militarism , B. W. Heubsch, 1917 can be seen at this web site
http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~libsite/wwi-www/Liebknecht/lieb1.html
K.
Marx, Capital, Volume 1, Chapters 13, 14 and 15
Tilman
Dedering, “The German Herero War of 1904: Revisionism of Genocide or Imaginary
Historiography,” Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume 19,
NO. 1 March 1993
Nicolas
Poulantzas, Fascism and dictatorship : the Third International and the problem
of fascism, New left Books, 1974
Jan
Pieterse, White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular
Culture, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1992, Chapter 5
F.
Kapra, The Turning Point, Bantam Books, 1982, Chapter 1.
Bruce
Vandervort, Wars of Imperial Conquest in
Africa, Indiana University Press, 1998, Chapter 5
Recommended
Video: Basil Davidson, “The Bible and the Gun” Africa, Episode No. V
Apartheid: the Facts.,
International Defense and Aid Fund, 1991
Adam Hochschild, King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror, and heroism in colonial Africa, Houghton Mifflin, Boston , 1998
The Apartheid
War Machine, IDAF, 1983
Ruth First, Black Gold: The Mozambican Miner, proletarian and peasant, St, Martins Press, 1983 pages 12-100
Duncan
Innes, The Anglo American Corporation and the rise of Modern South Africa, Monthly
Review Press, New York, 1984
Recommended
Reading
Bernard
Magubane, The Political Economy of Race and Class in South Africa, Monthly
Review Press, 1979
Eddie
Webster, Cast in a Racial Mould, Ravan Press Johannesburg, 1985 Chapters
1 & 2
Peter
Abrahams, Mine Boy, Heinemann Educational Books, 1963
Week
6, February
19: Decolonization and Militarism
Amilcar
Cabral, Return to the Source, Monthly Review Press, 1974, See Chapter on
National Liberation and Culture
Horace
Campbell, The Exhaustion of the Patriarchal Model of Liberation: Lessons
From Zimbabwe, Chapters 2-4 and 15
Basil
Davidson, The Peoples Cause: a history of guerillas in Africa, Longman
1981
Joseph
Hanlon, Mozambique: The Revolution under Fire, Zed Books 1984, pages
1-86
Franz
Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, Grove Press, 1961, Chapter 1
Women’s
Liberation in the Zimbabwean Revolution, Materials From the ZANU Women’s
Seminar, Maputo, Mozambique, May 1979
Basil
Davidson, In the eye of the storm; Angola's people, Doubleday, 1981
Horace
Campbell, “War, Reconstruction and Dependence in Mozambique, Third World
Quarterly, October 1984,
The African
liberation Reader, edited by Aquino De Braganza and Immanuel Wallerstein,
London : Zed Press, 1982.
Joseph
Hanlon, Mozambique: Who Calls The Shots, Indiana University, 1993
Stott,
Leda, “Women and the Armed
Struggle For Independence in Zimbabwe, Centre
of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 1980
Recommended
Video: Flame
Week
7, February
26: Uniting the military traditions of liberation fighters with the colonial
military traditions
Horace
Campbell. The Integration of the Armed Forces in Zimbabwe in The
Exhaustion of the Patriarchal Model of Liberation,
Eboe
Hutchful and Abdoulaye Bathily,eds., The
Military and Militarism in Africa, Chapters 5 and 8.
Abiodun
Alao, The Politics and Diplomacy of Security in Zimbabwe, PhD Thesis,
Kings College London, Chapters 1 and 2. (mimeo)
Martin
Rupiah, “Demobilization and Integration: Operation Merger and the Zimbabwe
National Defence Forces,1980-1987, Security
Review, Vol. 4. No. 3, 1995
Greg
Mills, “BMATT and Military Integration in Southern Africa,” in Southern
African Defence Review, No.2, 1992 pages 1-10
N.
Bhebe and T. Ranger, Soldiers
and Zimbabwe’s Liberation War, Volume 1,
University
of Zimbabwe Publications, pages 104-117
N.
Bhebe and T. Ranger, Soldiers
and Zimbabwe’s Liberation War, Volume 2, pages 147-191,
Susan
Carruthers, Winning Hearts and Minds: British Governments, the Media and Colonial
Counterinsurgency, Leicester University Press, Chapter 3
Week
8, March 5: What
Can we Learn from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission:
Is it possible to have reconciliation without justice?
http://dfn.org/voices/safrica/trc/trc.htm
This web site contains the files of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Students
are expected to download one volume and develop a critical analysis of this
volume.
The
main themes to be analyzed are (a) militarism, (b) the scope of analysis of
liberation movements (c) cross
border raids (especially the wars in Mozambique and Angola), (d) biological
warfare (with legacies from Rhodesia) and (e) police violence and use of third
force (to be linked to theory and practice of low intensity operations)
Apartheid’s
Poison Legacy, http://www.caq.com/CAQ/caq63/caq63apartheid.html
http://www.detnews.com/1998/nation/9808/01/08010066.htm
http://www.mg.co.za/mg/news/97nov1/14nov-basson.html
Students
are encouraged to read other sources in relation to Project Coast.
Week
9, March 12
: Midterm Break
Joseph
Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid’ Power in Southern Africa,
Indiana University Press, 1986 pages 27-67
Reginald
H. Green, Killing the Dream: The Political and Human Economy of War in Sub
Saharan Africa, IDS Discussion
Paper, No. 238, 1987
Joseph
Hanlon, Mozambique, Who Calls the Shots, University of Indiana Press,
Minter,
William, Apartheid’s contras : an inquiry into the roots of war in Angola and Mozambique
N.J. Zed Books, 1996
Frank
Kitson, Low Intensity Operations, Subversion,
Insurgency and Peacekeeping, Stackpole Books, 1971
Jack
Nelson Pallmeyer, War against the poor: Low intensity conflict and Christian Faith,
Maryknoll Books, 1989
Richard
E. Lapchick, Oppression and Resistance: The struggle of women in Southern Africa, Greenwood
press, 1982
Edward
Herman and Gerry O’Sullivan, The
Terrorism Industry, Pantheon Books, 1989
J. Cock and L. Nathan, Society at War: The Militarization of South Africa, St. Martins Press, 1990
Johnson,
Phyllis, Apartheid Terrorism: the destabilization report, Indiana
University Press, Indiana, 1989
Students
are encouraged to view the video, The
Hidden Hand
Week 11 March
26 Cuito
Cuanavale
Required
Readings
Horace
Campbell, The Siege of Cuito Cuanavale, Scandinavian Institute of African
Studies, 1990
Horace
Campbell, War and Peace in Angola, Zimbabwe Institute of Development
Studies 1995
Horace
Campbell, Militarism, Warfare and the Search For Peace in Angola, in The
Uncertain Promise of Southern Africa, edited by York Bradshaw and
Stephen N. Ndegwa, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 2000
Michael
Wolfers and Jane Beregol, Angola
on the Frontline, Zed Books
William Minter, “The USA and the War in Angola,” Review
of African Political Economy, March 1991,
Victoria
Brittain, Cuba and Southern Africa, New
Left Review, Nov-Dec 1988
Daniel
Spikes, Angola and the Politics of Intervention, MacFarland 1994,
Keith
Somerville, Angola: Politics, Economics and society, L. Rienner Publishers,
1986
Horace
Campbell, “War and the Negotiation of Gender Identities in Angola,” in Mai
Palmberg, ed, National Identity and Democracy, Nordic
Institute of African Studies, Upsala, 2000
Angolan Women
Building the Future: From National liberation to Women’s Emancipation,
published by the Organization of Angolan Women and translated by Marga Holness,
Zed Books 1984
John
Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, Norton 1978
Chester
Crocker, High Noon in Southern Africa: Keeping Peace in a Rough Neighborhood,
Norton, 1992
Week
11, April 2: The
end of Apartheid and the Political Compromise
Horace
Campbell, “The Popular Demand for the Dismantling of the Apartheid War Machine
and the Conversion of the Military Industrial Complex,” The Military and
Militarism in Africa, edited by Eboe Hutchful and Abdoulaye Bathily,
Codesria Books, 1998
Robert
Price, The Crisis of the Apartheid State, Oxford University Press 1991,
pages 152-296
Allister
Sparks: Tomorrow is another country: the inside story of South Africa's road to
change, New York : Hill and Wang, 1995.
Jamie
Geldenhuys, A Generals story: From an era of war to Peace, Jonathan
Ball,1995
Horace
Campbell, “Challenging the Apartheid State From Below,” in Popular Struggles For Democracy in
Africa, Zed Books 1987
Sarah Nutall and Carl Coetzee, Negotiating the Past: The Making of Memory in South Africa, Oxford University Press 1998
Martin
Meredith , Nelson Mandela: A Biography,
St. Martins Press, 1998
Joe
Slovo, Joe Slovo: An Unfinished Autobiography, Ocean Press, 1997
Ready
to Govern: ANC Policy Guidelines for a Democratic South Africa, 1992
Anthony
Ginsberg, South Africa’s Future, MacMillan, 1998
Heribert
Adam, F.Van Zyl Slabbert and Kogila Moodley, Comrades in Business, Tafelberg,
1997
South Africa :
Time Running Out, Study Commission of the US Policy Towards South Africa, University of California Press, 1991 pages 310-322
Seymour
Melman, The Demilitarized Society, Harvest Press, Montreal 1990
Noam
Chomsky, Power in the Global Era, NLR No.230, 1998
Week
12, April 9:
Militarism and Genocide: Lessons From Central Africa
Phillip
Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform
You that Tomorrow we will be killed along with our children,
Mahmood
Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers, Princeton University Press,
2001
Africa Rights, Death
Despair and Defiance, London, 1995
Archie Mafeje, The
Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations, Codesria, 1991
http://www.reliefweb.int/library/nordic/index.html
Rene Lemarchand, “Genocide in the Great Lakes:
Which Genocide? Whose genocide?”
African Studies Review,
Vol., 41, No. 1, April 1998, pages 3-16
See also review by Wole Soyinka, New York Review of
Books, October 3, 1998
Africa Rights, Rwanda: Not So Innocent, 1997
Video:
Triumph of Evil
Wamba dia Wamba, “Protracted Political Crisis, War and Militarism in the Region of Central Africa and the Great Lakes, (mimeo)
War
in the Congo, International Crisis Group, April 2000
Required
Readings,
Horace Campbell, US Security Doctrine and the Africa Crisis Response Initiative, Africa Institute of South Africa.
Michael
Maren, The Road to Hell, The Free Press, 1998
Daniel
Volman, “Humanitarian Militarism: The U.S. Role in African Peacekeeping and
Peace-Enforcement,” Paper presented at the 36th annual meeting of ASA, Boston,
1993
Vandana
Shiva, Biopiracy, South End Press, 1997
“The
Social Movements in the Periphery: An end to national Liberation? In
Samir Amin, Giovanni Arrighi, Andre Gunder Frank and Immanuel Wallerstien,
Transforming
the Revolution: Social Movements and the World System,
Monthly Review Press, 1990
Archie
Mafeje, In Search of an Alternative, SAPES Books, 1992, Chapter 1
Paulo
Gerdes, Women Art and Geometry in Southern
Africa, Africa World Press, 1998
Horace
Campbell, “From Regional Military Destabilization to Regional Military
Cooperation and Peace in Southern Africa,” in Peace and Security in
Southern Africa, edited by Ibbo Mandaza, SAPES Books, 1997
John
Gilliot and Manjit Kumar, Science
and the Retreat from Reason, Monthly Review Press, 1998
Bandyoppadhyaya
Jayanttauja, Mao Tse Tung and Ghandi, Perspectives on Social Transformation,
Allied Publishers, Bombay, Chapter
2
Thandika
Mkandawire, “Globalization and Africa’s Unfinished Agenda,
United Nations Research Institute For Development,
mimeo
Students
are encouraged to use the journals that will strengthen their participation in
the discussions in this course. The following journals are from Southern Africa
that are particularly useful:
South Africa
Labour Bulletin
Journal of
Contemporary Southern African Studies,
Transformation
Southern Africa
Political Economy Series (SAPEM)