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References

Note:  JUE stands for Journal of Urban Economics.

William Alonso.  1964. Location and Land Use. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

N. Edward Colson.  1991.  “Really Useful Tests of the Monocentric Model.”  Land Economics, August, pp. 299-307.

John F. MacDonald.  1989.  “Econometric Studies of Urban Population Density:  A Survey.” JUE, November, pp. 361-85.

Edwin S. Mills.  1967.  “An Aggregative Model of Resource Allocation in a Metropolitan Area.”  American Economic Review, May, pp. 197-210.

Edwin S. Mills.  1972.   Studies in the Structure of the Urban Economy.  Baltimore:  The Johns Hopkins Press.

Edwin S. Mills and Bruce Hamilton.  Urban Economics, 4th Edition.  Scott Foresman, 1988.

Richard F. Muth.  1969.  Cities and Housing:  The Spatial Pattern of Urban Residential Land Use.  Chicago:  University of Chicago Press.

John Yinger.  1979.  “Estimating the Relationship between Location and the Price of Housing.” Journal of Regional Science, August, pp. 271-89.

John Yinger, Howard Bloom, Axel Boersch-Supan, and Helen F. Ladd.  1988.  Property Taxes and House Values:  The Theory and Estimation of Intrajurisdictional Property Tax Capitalization.  Boston:  Academic Press.

John Yinger and Sheldon Danziger.  1978.  “An Equilibrium Model of Urban Population and the Distribution of Income.” Urban Studies, May, pp. 201-214.

  

References to Urban Models with More General Assumptions

Note: 

HURE-II stands for Edwin S. Mills, editor, Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics, Vol. II, Urban Economics.  Amsterdam:  North-Holland, 1988.

HURE-III stands for Paul Cheshire and Edwin S. Mills, editors, Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics, Vol. III, Applied Urban Economics.  Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1999.

JUE still stands for Journal of Urban Economics.
  

Assumption 1
(Utility Function Takes Cobb-Douglas Form with Housing and Composite Good)

William C. Wheaton.  1974.  “A Comparative Static Analysis of Urban Spatial Structure.”  Journal of Economic Theory, pp. 223-37. 
[Provides complete comparative static analysis of urban model with land but no housing and with general functional form for utility function.]

Jan K. Brueckner.  1983.  “The Economics of Urban Yard Space:  An ‘Implicit‑market’ Model for Housing Attributes.” JUE, March, pp. 216-34.  [Solves and urban model with explicit housing attributes instead of housing services.]

Joseph H. DeSalvo. 1985.  “A Model of Urban Household Behavior with Leisure Choice.”  Journal of Regional Science, 11, pp. 99-111.
[Solves an urban model with leisure in the utility function.]

Jan K. Brueckner.  1988.  “The Structure of Urban Equilibria:  A Unified Treatment of the Muth-Mills Model.” in HURE-II.
[Provides complete comparative static analysis of urban model with general functional form for utility function.]

 

Assumption 2

(Housing Supply is Cobb-Douglas with Absentee Landlords)

A.  Studies with More General Functional Forms

Jan K. Brueckner.  1988.  “The Structure of Urban Equilibria:  A Unified Treatment of the Muth-Mills Model.” in HURE-II. [Provides comparative static analysis of urban model with general functional form for housing production.]

  

B.  Studies with Explicit Models of the Construction Decision
 

David Harrison and John F. Kain.  1974.  “Cumulative Urban Growth and Density Functions,” JUE, January, pp. 61-98. [Introduces the possibility that the spatial development of cities occurs in time-based phases and in successive spatial rings.]

Alex Anas.  1978.  “Dynamics of Urban Residential Growth.”  JUE, January, pp. 66-87.  [Provides a model of urban growth with durable housing capital and myopic foresight.]

Jan K. Brueckner.  1980.  “A Vintage Model of Urban Growth.” JUE, November, pp. 389-402.  [Provides a model of urban growth with durable capital and perfect foresight.]

William C. Wheaton.  1982.  “Urban Spatial Development with Durable but Replaceable Capital.”  JUE, July, pp. 53-67. [Provides a model of urban growth with long-lived but replaceable capital and perfect foresight.]

 

C.  Models with local land ownership

David Pines, and Efraim Sadka.  1986.  “Comparative Static Analysis of a Fully Closed City.  JUE, July, pp. 1-20.  [Solves a closed urban model in which land rents are redistributed to residents.]

Komei Sasaki.  1987.  “A Comparative Static Analysis of Urban Structure in the Setting of Endogenous Income.   JUE, 22, pp. 53-72.  [Solves a closed urban model in which land rents are redistributed to residents.]

Masahisa Fujita.  1989. Urban Economic Theory.  Cambridge, England:  Cambridge University Press.  [Solves an open urban model in which all rents above the agricultural rate are distributed to residents.]

 

Assumption 3
(Commuting is in a straight line with a constant cost per mile)

A. Articles generalizing assumptions about the transportation network

Alex Anas and L.M. Moses.  1979.  “Mode Choice, Transport Structure and Urban Land Use.” JUE, April, pp. 228-46.  [Solves urban models with more than one mode of transportation, assuming radial and circular streets.]

John Yinger.  1993.  “Around the Block: Urban Models with a Street Grid.” JUE, May, pp. 305-330. [Solves urban models with a wide range of assumptions about the street network, all based on a street grid.]

  

B. Articles introducing traffic congestion

Robert M. Solow.  1972.  "Congestion and the Use of Land in Transportation."  Swedish Journal of Economics (March):  602-18.  [Solves a highly simplified urban model with congestion, assuming radial streets.]

 Edwin S. Mills.  1972.   Studies in the Structure of the Urban Economy.  Baltimore:  The Johns Hopkins Press.  [Simulates an urban model with congestion, assuming radial streets.]

John Yinger.  1993.  “Bumper to Bumper: A New Approach to Congestion in an Urban Model.” JUE, September, pp. 249-274.  [Solves an urban model with congestion, assuming a street grid and one commuting artery.]

William C. Wheaton.  1998.  “Land Use and Density in Cities with Congestion.” JUE, March, pp.  258-272.  [Shows how congestion raises optimal central density in a standard urban model.]

Stephen L. Ross and John Yinger.  2000.  “Timing Equilibria in an Urban Model with Congestion.” JUE, May, pp. 390-413. [Proves that all existing urban models with congestion do not have a timing equilibrium, that is, an equilibrium in which no commuter has an incentive to change the time at which she commutes.]

 

Assumption 4
(Access to work is the only locational characteristic that matters)

A. Mitchell Polinsky and Stephen Shavell.  1976.  “Amenities and Property Values in a Model of an Urban Area.” Journal of Public Economics, January/February, pp. 119-30. [Solves an urban model with a neighborhood amenity.] 

John Yinger.  1976.  “Racial Prejudice and Racial Residential Segregation in an Urban Model.” JUE, October, pp. 383-9.  [Solves an urban model with different racial groups and with racial composition as an endogenous neighborhood amenity.]

 

Assumption 5
(All households are alike) 

Martin J. Beckman.  1969.  “On the Distribution of Urban Rent and Residential Density.” Journal of Economic Theory, 1969, pp. 60-7.  [Solves an urban model with a continuous income distribution.] 

A. Montesanto.  1972.  “A Restatement of Beckman’s Model on the Distribution of Urban Rent and Residential Density,” Journal of Economic Theory, pp. 329-54. [Fixes a problem in Beckman’s article.] 

John Hartwick, U. Schweizer, and P. Varaiya.  1976.  “Comparative Statics of a Residential Economy with Several Classes.” Journal of Economic Theory, 1976, pp. 396-413. [Provides comparative statics results for an urban model with more than one income class.] 

 

Assumption 6
(Income is fixed and all households have one CBD worker) 

Michelle J. White.  1976.  “Firm Suburbanization and Urban Subcenters.” JUE, October, pp. 129-52.  [Solves an urban model with a suburban employment ring.] 

Jan K. Brueckner.  1979.  “A Model of Noncentral Production in a Monocentric City.” JUE, October, pp. 444-63.  [Provides comparative statics for an urban model with local employment in addition to employment in the CBD.] 

Kenneth F. Wieand.  1987.  “An Extension of the Monocentric Urban Spatial Equilibrium Model to a Multicenter Setting:  The Case of the Two‑Center City.”  JUE, May, pp. 259-71.  [Partially solves an urban model with a suburban business district (SBD), assuming radial streets out of the CBD and the SBD.] 

John Yinger.  1992.  “City and Suburb:  Urban Models with More than One Employment Center.” JUE, March, pp. 181-205.  [Solves an urban model with an SBD, assuming circular streets plus radial streets emanating from the CBD; sketches the solution to models with more than one SBD.] 

John Yinger.  1993.  “Around the Block: Urban Models with a Street Grid.” JUE, May, pp. 305-330. [Solves an urban model with an SBD, assuming a street grid.] 

Komei Sasaki and Michihiro Kaiyama, “The Effects of Urban Transportation Costs on Urban Spatial Structure with Endogenous Wage Income,” RSUE, September 1990, pp. 223-244.  [Provides comparative statics for a standard closed urban model with endogenous wages and firm competition for land.]

Stephen L. Ross and John Yinger.  1995.  “A Comparative Static Analysis of Open Urban Models with a Full Labor Market and Suburban Employment.” Regional Science and Urban Economics, October, pp. 575-605.  [Provides comparative statics for open urban models in which employment, wages, and the boundary of the CBD are endogenous; models with a suburban business district are also examined.] 

Yang Zhang and Komei Sasaki, “Effects of Subcenter Formation on Urban Spatial Structure,”  RSUE, June 1997, pp. 297-324.  [Provides comparative statics for a standard closed model with a suburban employment center..]

Masahisa Fujita, Jacque-FranHois Thisse, and Yves Zenou, 1997, “On the Endogenous Formation of Secondary Employment Centers in a City,”  JUE, May, pp. 337-357.  [Presents a model of subcenter formation in a linear city.] 

Stephen L. Ross.  1996.  “The Long-Run Effect of Economic Development Policy on Resident Welfare in a Perfectly Competitive Urban Economy.” JUE, November, pp. 354-380.  [Shows how some key comparative static results--and related policy implications--can change with a complete labor market and endogenous CBD boundaries.] 

Michelle J. White.  1999.  “Urban Areas with Decentralized Employment:  Theory and Empirical Work,” in HURE-III, pp. 1375-1412.  [A good survey of the literature.]
  

Assumption 7
(Households are perfectly mobile) 

Susan Rose-Ackerman.  1975.  “Racism and Urban Structure.”  JUE, pp. 85-103.  [Solves and urban model with racial segregation and racial prejudice.] 

John Yinger.  1976.  “Racial Prejudice and Racial Residential Segregation in an Urban Model.”  JUE, October, pp. 383-396.  [Solves an urban model with prejudice and endogenous racial composition; shows the role of discrimination.] 

Paul N. Courant and John Yinger.  1977.  “On Models of Racial Prejudice and Urban Residential Structure.” JUE, July, pp. 272-291.  [Solves an urban model with segregation and prejudice; shows that discrimination is needed to sustain segregation.] 

Clifford Kern.  1981.  “Racial Prejudice and Residential Segregation:  The Yinger Model Revisited.”  JUE, September, pp. 164-73. [Shows how the role of discrimination in a Yinger model with prejudice depends on assumptions about the supply of housing.] 

 

Assumption 8
(There are no local governments) 

Richard J. Arnott and James G. MacKinnon.  1977.  “The effects of the property tax:  A general equilibrium simulation.”  JUE, October, pp. 389-407.  [Simulates a closed urban model with a single local government funded by a property tax.] 

A. Mitchell Polinsky and Daniel L. Rubinfeld.  1978. “The Long Run Effects of a Residential Property Tax and Local Public Services.”  JUE, April, pp. 241-262.  [Analyzes an open urban model with a single local government funded by a property tax.] 

Stephen L. Ross and John Yinger.  1999.  “Sorting and Voting:  A Review of the Literature on Urban Public Finance.”  In HURE-III, pp. 2001-2060.  [Reviews models with both multiple local governments and housing – but without commuting.